The border between Lesotho and South Africa is a unique and complex one, reflecting the unique geopolitical and socioeconomic relationship between these two neighboring countries. At 909 kilometers long, the border forms a complete loop around Lesotho, an enclave entirely surrounded by South Africa.

The border’s history dates back to the 19th century, when the Basotho people formed a distinct polity under Moshoeshoe I. In the 1850s and 1860s, Basotho territory was reduced in a series of wars with the Boers of the Orange Free State. In 1868, Basutoland (as it was then known) became a British protectorate, with its borders defined in the 1869 Convention of Aliwal North.

Geographically, the border follows natural features like the Caledon River, the Drakensberg mountains, and the Orange River. It divides the basin of the Orange River (flowing to the Atlantic) from rivers flowing to the Indian Ocean. All ten districts of Lesotho touch the border, as do three South African provinces: the Free State, KwaZulu-Natal and the Eastern Cape.

Today, the border remains an important political and socio-cultural barrier in the lives of those crossing it. While some Basotho migrants have managed to acquire permits enabling them to cross freely for work, others occupy a precarious legal status.

The border is often described as porous, with many Basotho seizing work and educational opportunities in South Africa while maintaining ties to family and land in Lesotho.

However, the border also reinforces distinctions between insiders and outsiders. Xenophobic violence in South Africa in recent years has limited migrants’ opportunities to experience belonging in South African society.

The border can be seen as both a physical barrier between countries and a social barrier distinguishing peoples.
Crossing the border is a daily reality for many, whether for work, family, or trade. The official border crossings are busy, with long queues of Basotho making the crossing for various reasons.

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The experience can be frustrating, with border officials sometimes losing patience with travelers who lack proper documentation.

Overall, the Lesotho-South Africa border reflects the complex relationship between these two countries. While linked by geography, history, and economic ties, the border also divides them, creating challenges for those who must cross it.

Understanding this border is key to understanding the dynamics between Lesotho and South Africa.