Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz (1646-1716) was a pivotal figure in the development of calculus, independently alongside Sir Isaac Newton. His introduction of the integral sign 

∫

∫ in 1675 marked a significant advancement in mathematical notation. This symbol, derived from the Latin word “summa,” reflects his conceptualization of integration as a form of summation, which remains foundational in calculus today.

Leibniz’s journey into calculus began in Paris, where he developed his notation and methods through collaboration with contemporaries like Tschirnhaus and Johann Bernoulli. In 1676, he formalized his integral calculus, demonstrating its application to find areas under curves, an essential concept in mathematics. His systematic approach and clarity in notation greatly influenced the field.

Despite his contributions, Leibniz faced controversy regarding the priority of his discoveries compared to Newton’s. The debate, known as the Leibniz-Newton calculus controversy, highlighted their different methodologies but ultimately recognized both mathematicians as co-founders of calculus. Their independent work laid the groundwork for modern mathematics.

In addition to calculus, Leibniz made notable contributions to binary arithmetic and mechanical calculators. He envisioned a machine that could perform all four basic arithmetic operations, showcasing his innovative spirit beyond pure mathematics. His legacy extends into various fields, reflecting his status as a “universal genius.”

Leibniz’s enduring impact on mathematics is evident in his notation and foundational concepts. The integral sign

∫

∫ and differential notation remain integral to mathematical education and practice today. His work not only shaped calculus but also influenced numerous disciplines, affirming his place as a key figure in the history of science and philosophy.