Antarctica is a unique continent that technically does not belong to any one nation. Governed by the Antarctic Treaty, which was signed in 1959 by twelve countries, Antarctica is designated for peaceful scientific research and international cooperation.

Today, 54 nations are parties to this treaty, which prohibits military activity and supports freedom of scientific investigation, making it a remarkable example of global governance.

Despite the lack of ownership, seven countries have made territorial claims on Antarctica: Argentina, Australia, Chile, France, New Zealand, Norway, and the United Kingdom. These claims were established before the Antarctic Treaty came into effect and cover more than 80% of the continent.

However, these claims are not universally recognized and are subject to the treaty’s provisions that prevent new claims or expansions of existing ones.

Australia holds the largest claim, encompassing approximately 42% of Antarctica. Other significant claims include those by Argentina and Chile, which overlap significantly. Notably, Marie Byrd Land remains the largest unclaimed territory on Earth, highlighting the unique status of Antarctica in terms of territorial claims.

The Antarctic Treaty System (ATS) includes various agreements that facilitate scientific collaboration and ensure that research findings are shared openly among nations. The treaty allows for inspections to ensure compliance with its provisions and emphasizes transparency in all activities conducted in Antarctica.

Looking ahead, the future of Antarctica’s governance may change as the treaty is subject to review in 2048. Potential changes could arise from increased interest in mineral exploration and climate change impacts.

Maintaining the collaborative spirit of the ATS will be crucial for preserving Antarctica as a shared heritage for all humanity.