Njinga Mbande, also known as Queen Nzinga, was a formidable leader of the Ndongo and Matamba kingdoms in present-day Angola during the 17th century. Born around 1582, she was trained in military tactics and diplomacy from a young age, preparing her for the challenges posed by Portuguese colonial expansion.

Her early life was marked by the Portuguese attempts to enslave her people, which fueled her resolve to protect her kingdom.

In 1624, following her brother’s death, Njinga ascended to the throne, becoming one of the few female rulers in Africa. She quickly became known for her diplomatic acumen, famously negotiating with Portuguese Governor João Correia de Sousa. Her refusal to sit on the floor during their meeting symbolized her defiance against colonial subjugation.

Despite initial peace treaties, hostilities resumed, leading to a series of conflicts as she sought to reclaim her kingdom from Portuguese control.

Njinga’s military campaigns were characterized by strategic alliances, including a notable partnership with the Dutch West India Company. She successfully conquered the neighboring Matamba kingdom and led her forces against the Portuguese in several battles, showcasing her exceptional leadership and tactical skills. Her ability to rally support from various factions made her a significant figure in the resistance against colonial forces.

Despite her successes, Njinga faced numerous challenges, including internal dissent and the Portuguese’s relentless military pressure. After years of warfare, a peace treaty was signed in 1656, recognizing her sovereignty and territorial claims. Njinga continued to govern until her death in 1663, leaving behind a legacy of resilience and resistance.

Today, Njinga Mbande is celebrated as a national heroine in Angola and a symbol of the fight against colonial oppression. Her story has transcended borders, inspiring movements for freedom and equality in Africa and among the African diaspora. Her life remains a testament to the strength and agency of women in history, particularly in the face of colonialism.